Contents
- What is a Pseudonym?
- What is Cataloging?
- What is RDA: Resource Description and Access?
- What is MARC 21?
- What is a Name Authority Record?
- Pseudonyms in RDA Cataloging Rules with MARC 21 Examples of Name Authority Records
WHAT IS A PSEUDONYM?
A pseudonym is a name used by an agent that is not the real name of the agent¹.
Here agent refers to an entity who is capable of deliberate actions, of being granted rights, and of being held accountable for its actions. An agent includes a collective agent and a person.²
- Person: An individual human being. It is important to note that figures generally considered fictional (for example, Kermit the Frog), literary (for example, Miss Jane Marple) or purely legendary (for example, the wizard Merlin) are not instances of the entity Person.
- Collective agent: A gathering or organization of persons bearing a particular name and capable of acting as a unit. Collective agents include families, commercial or corporate entities and other legally registered bodies, organizations and associations, musical, artistic or performing groups, governments, and any of their sub-units.
Pseudonym refers to an assumed name used by a creator of a work to conceal identity or to establish a separate bibliographic identity.³ [Bibliographic identity refers to the concept that creators of works may use separate personae when creating different types of works. For example, Charles L. Dodgson and Lewis Carroll are two bibliographic identities used by a single person; one wrote about mathematics and the other wrote stories for children.]
The Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science⁴ describes pseudonym as below:
Pseudonym: A fictitious name, especially one assumed by an author to conceal or obscure identity. The classic example in American literature is Mark Twain whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The writer François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) probably holds the record for the most pseudonyms, with Daniel Foe (Defoe) a close second. Prior to the mid-19th century, women writers often used male pseudonyms (pseudandry) to get their works published and to attract readership (example: George Sand whose real name was Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin Dudevant), although there were notable exceptions (Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters). A joint pseudonym is one shared by two or more collaborators in a work (Rosetta Stone used by Dr. Seuss and the illustrator Michael K. Frith). U.S. copyright law permits a person to register works pseudonymously.
WHAT IS CATALOGING?
Main article: Cataloging
Cataloging or Cataloguing or Library Cataloging is the process of creating and maintaining bibliographic and authority records in the library catalog, the database of books, serials, sound recordings, moving images, cartographic materials, computer files, e-resources etc. that are owned by a library. The catalog may be in tangible form, such as a card catalog or in electronic form, such as online public access catalog (OPAC). Relative to the movement of materials within technical services, cataloging usually follows the receipt of ordered books in acquisitions. The process of cataloging involves three major activities, namely, Descriptive Cataloging, Subject Cataloging, and Authority Control.
Main article: RDA: Resource Description and Access
Resource Description and Access (RDA) is the new standard for descriptive cataloging providing data elements, instructions, and guidelines on recording the contents and formulating bibliographic metadata for description and access to information resources covering all types of content and media held in libraries and related cultural organizations, such as museums and archives. RDA is designed for the digital world. The metadata created by following RDA instructions are well formed according to international models for user-focused linked data applications that are compatible with existing records in online library catalogs and also adaptable to new and emerging database structures. RDA is the successor to Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2), which is still the most widely used cataloging standard worldwide. Built on the foundations established by AACR2, the organization of RDA is based on international standards developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), such as Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD). The creation of RDA was the result of collaboration between representatives from the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and Australia. RDA was developed by the RDA Steering Committee (formerly the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA) as part of its strategic plan (2005–09) to replace AACR2. RDA was initially published in June 2010 under the title RDA Toolkit as an online resource by the American Library Association, the Canadian Library Association, and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP). The text of RDA consists of 10 sections divided into 37 chapters, with 13 appendices, a glossary, and an index. RDA was widely implemented in 2013 by the Library of Congress, the British Library, and other major libraries⁵.
Main article: MARC 21
MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging) standards are a set of digital formats for the description of items catalogued by libraries, such as books. Working with the Library of Congress, American computer scientist Henriette Avram developed MARC in the 1960s to create records that could be read by computers and shared among libraries. By 1971, MARC formats had become the US national standard for dissemination of bibliographic data. Two years later, they became the international standard. There are several versions of MARC in use around the world, the most predominant being MARC 21, created in 1999 as a result of the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats, and UNIMARC, widely used in Europe. The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats for authority records, holdings records, classification schedules, and community information, in addition to the format for bibliographic records.
MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data Format. Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and Canada.
MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the NISO/ANSI standard Z39.2, which allows users of different software products to communicate with each other and to exchange data.
MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or Unicode encoded as UTF-8. MARC-8 is based on ISO 2022 and allows the use of Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, and East Asian scripts. MARC 21 in UTF-8 format allows all the languages supported by Unicode.
Pseudonym: A fictitious name, especially one assumed by an author to conceal or obscure identity. The classic example in American literature is Mark Twain whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The writer François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) probably holds the record for the most pseudonyms, with Daniel Foe (Defoe) a close second. Prior to the mid-19th century, women writers often used male pseudonyms (pseudandry) to get their works published and to attract readership (example: George Sand whose real name was Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin Dudevant), although there were notable exceptions (Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters). A joint pseudonym is one shared by two or more collaborators in a work (Rosetta Stone used by Dr. Seuss and the illustrator Michael K. Frith). U.S. copyright law permits a person to register works pseudonymously.
WHAT IS CATALOGING?
Main article: Cataloging
Cataloging or Cataloguing or Library Cataloging is the process of creating and maintaining bibliographic and authority records in the library catalog, the database of books, serials, sound recordings, moving images, cartographic materials, computer files, e-resources etc. that are owned by a library. The catalog may be in tangible form, such as a card catalog or in electronic form, such as online public access catalog (OPAC). Relative to the movement of materials within technical services, cataloging usually follows the receipt of ordered books in acquisitions. The process of cataloging involves three major activities, namely, Descriptive Cataloging, Subject Cataloging, and Authority Control.
WHAT IS RDA: RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ACCESS?
Main article: RDA: Resource Description and Access
Resource Description and Access (RDA) is the new standard for descriptive cataloging providing data elements, instructions, and guidelines on recording the contents and formulating bibliographic metadata for description and access to information resources covering all types of content and media held in libraries and related cultural organizations, such as museums and archives. RDA is designed for the digital world. The metadata created by following RDA instructions are well formed according to international models for user-focused linked data applications that are compatible with existing records in online library catalogs and also adaptable to new and emerging database structures. RDA is the successor to Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2), which is still the most widely used cataloging standard worldwide. Built on the foundations established by AACR2, the organization of RDA is based on international standards developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), such as Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD). The creation of RDA was the result of collaboration between representatives from the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and Australia. RDA was developed by the RDA Steering Committee (formerly the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA) as part of its strategic plan (2005–09) to replace AACR2. RDA was initially published in June 2010 under the title RDA Toolkit as an online resource by the American Library Association, the Canadian Library Association, and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP). The text of RDA consists of 10 sections divided into 37 chapters, with 13 appendices, a glossary, and an index. RDA was widely implemented in 2013 by the Library of Congress, the British Library, and other major libraries⁵.
WHAT IS MARC 21?
Main article: MARC 21
MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging) standards are a set of digital formats for the description of items catalogued by libraries, such as books. Working with the Library of Congress, American computer scientist Henriette Avram developed MARC in the 1960s to create records that could be read by computers and shared among libraries. By 1971, MARC formats had become the US national standard for dissemination of bibliographic data. Two years later, they became the international standard. There are several versions of MARC in use around the world, the most predominant being MARC 21, created in 1999 as a result of the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats, and UNIMARC, widely used in Europe. The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats for authority records, holdings records, classification schedules, and community information, in addition to the format for bibliographic records.
MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data Format. Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and Canada.
MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the NISO/ANSI standard Z39.2, which allows users of different software products to communicate with each other and to exchange data.
MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or Unicode encoded as UTF-8. MARC-8 is based on ISO 2022 and allows the use of Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, and East Asian scripts. MARC 21 in UTF-8 format allows all the languages supported by Unicode.
WHAT IS A NAME AUTHORITY RECORD?
Main article: Name Authority Record
Name Authority Record (NAR) - A record that shows a personal, corporate, or geographic authorized access point, cites the sources consulted in determining the choice of the preferred form for the access point representing the entity, the variant access points, and records additional identifying information for the entity⁶.
PSEUDONYMS IN RDA CATALOGING RULES WITH MARC 21 EXAMPLES OF NAME AUTHORITY RECORDS?
Library of Congress guidelines about pseudonyms is recorded in the document FAQ – LC/PCC practice for creating NARs for persons who use pseudonyms⁷. This section chiefly draws information from this resource.
Note that any name recorded in the 667 field may not be used in a 400 field as a see reference. Pseudonyms are considered to be the name of a different identity that a person wishes to assume for whatever reason (e.g., political, commercial, contractual) and is therefore not eligible to be used as a variant. If access to a different named identity is important, a separate NAR should be made. Do not consider that variant forms of a person’s name are pseudonyms unless there is explicit evidence.
Q4. Should the 663 note technique also be used in a corporate name NAR when providing 500 see-also references for the members of a group? (RDA Chapter 30)
A4. No, the 663 note technique is only used to link personal names (100 field) to personal names (500 field). When linking the personal name of a musician to a musical group the linking 500 fields are constructed as simple see-also references. The same is true for the personal names of members of any group, heads of state, etc. RDA catalogers may choose to use Appendix K relationship designations to relate corporate names with personal names but a 663 note is not used. See Example 4
Examples in response to question 4: 663 note technique not used to link corporate name (110 Heading-Corporate name) with see-also references linking to the personal name(s) (500 field).
Corporate name with 500 field (simple see-also references) linking to all the associated personal name NARs.
NARs for each personal name (100 Heading-Name) with a 510 field (simple seealso reference) linking to the corporate name on each NAR.
Example 4.1:
RDA catalogers may choose to add Appendix K relationship designators to relate a group member to the corporate name
Q5. Can the 663 note be used without coding the 500 field with subfield $w nnnc? (MARC 21 Format for Authority Records, 663 field)
A5. No, the 663 note must have a corresponding 500 field (see-also reference) with a subfield $w coded nnnc. The subfield $w should only be used in the see-also reference (500 field) of a NAR that contains a 663 note.
Q6. What about creating NARs for non-contemporary persons? Where is the guidance?
A6. Under RDA there is no contemporary vs. non-contemporary limitation on creation of separate NARs for each name a person uses. See Bookmark Example 6
Q7. What about variants of the real name used concurrently by authors?
A7. If an author uses variants of their real name concurrently (as opposed to abandoning one real name in favor of another) and this usage can be ascribed to the fact that works written under one name are in different subject areas from works written under other name(s), treat the case in the same way as pseudonyms and follow the response in A1 in this FAQ for the details of using multiple headings. Note: apply this interpretation only in retrospect, after information received from publications, etc., has begun to provide the necessary evidence and this evidence is clear or in cases where the author has declared that intent. See Bookmark Example 7
Examples in response to question 7: Variations of a real name used concurrently – Multiple NARs
-----------------------------------------
100 1# $a Lasky, Kathryn
500 1# $w nnnc $a Knight, Kathryn Lasky
500 1# $w nnnc $a Swann, E. L.
663 ## $a For works by this author written under other names, search also under: $b Knight, Kathryn Lasky $b Swann, E. L.
670 ## A baby for Max, 1984: ‡b CIP t.p. (Kathyrn Lasky) author info. (Kathryn Lasky Knight; uses pen name E. L. Swann) 670 ## Tel. call to the author, July 17, 1986 ‡b (author will continue to write children's works under "Kathryn Lasky" and adult works under "Kathryn Lasky Knight" and wants LC to use separate headings for each type of work)
-----------------------------------------
100 1# $a Knight, Kathryn Lasky
500 1# $w nnnc $a Lasky, Kathryn
663 ## $a Works by this author are identified by the name used in the item. For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under: $b Laskey, Kathryn
670 ## Atlantic circle, 1986: ‡b t.p. (Kathyrn Lasky Knight) 670 ## Tel. call to the author, July 17, 1986 ‡b (author will continue to write children's works under "Kathryn Lasky" and adult works under "Kathryn Lasky Knight" and wants LC to use separate headings for each type of work)
-----------------------------------------
100 1# $a Swann, E. L.
500 1# $w nnnc $a Lasky, Kathryn
663 ## $a Works by this author are identified by the name used in the item. For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under: $b Laskey, Kathryn
670 ## Night gardening, 1999: ‡b CIP t.p. (E.L. Swann) pub. info. (pseudonym for Kathryn Lasky/Kathryn Lasky Knight; will use this pseud. when writing major commercial fiction for adults)
-----------------------------------------
Q8. How do I handle a situation when a pseudonym conflicts with another name? Do I create an undifferentiated NAR, or add the name to an undifferentiated NAR if it already exists?
A8. Although RDA recognizes the existence of undifferentiated personal name authority records (RDA 8.11), the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) has implemented a policy that prohibits the establishment of new undifferentiated personal name authority records coded RDA, and prohibits the addition of new identities to existing undifferentiated personal name authority records. When a pseudonym conflicts with another name, one of the additions in RDA 9.19.1.2 – 9.19.1.8 should be applied to the pseudonym in order to create a unique authorized access point.
Example 8.1: NAR for Lawrence, Anthea, 1967-with 500 see-also reference to the pseudonym in the new NAR.
Example 8.2: NAR for Dumbeck, Lawson with 500 see-also reference to the pseudonym in the new NAR.
Q9. How do I handle LC classification numbers: Do I add the same LCC (053) on each NAR of a pseudonym? What if the pseudonym is used on non-literary works?
A9. Consult LC’s Classification and Shelflisting Manual, Section F632 for guidance. A quick response to this question is that Paragraph 1.d in Section F632 states: “… Class works by or about an author who writes under several pseudonyms in the single number that has been established for that author, regardless of the name under which the work being cataloged has been entered.” Paragraph 6 Adding literary author numbers to name authority records provides the following guidance: “… For authors who write literary works under more than one name and who have authority records for each name, a 053 field is added to each record. …”
If an author uses a pseudonym for non-literary works LCC (053) numbers are not added to the NAR for that pseudonym.
Name Authority Record (NAR) - A record that shows a personal, corporate, or geographic authorized access point, cites the sources consulted in determining the choice of the preferred form for the access point representing the entity, the variant access points, and records additional identifying information for the entity⁶.
PSEUDONYMS IN RDA CATALOGING RULES WITH MARC 21 EXAMPLES OF NAME AUTHORITY RECORDS?
Q1. How many NARs are needed for persons who use pseudonyms?
The person uses only pseudonym; real name is a 400 see reference.
Q2. How do I decide which name to choose as the basic heading when creating NARs for a person with multiple pseudonyms? (DCM Z1 663— Complex see-also reference—Names)
A2. Choose as the basic heading the predominant (most commonly found) form of name. If it is not possible to determine a predominant form choose the real name as the basic heading.
A1. When considering how many NARs to create for a person with alternate identities the LC/PCC cataloger should first consider the following six situations.
- A1.1. The person uses one pseudonym and never uses the real name.
- A1.2. The person uses the real name and uses only one pseudonym.
- A1.3. The person uses more than one pseudonym and may or may not use the real name.
- A1.4. The pseudonym represents a joint collaboration by two or more persons and the catalog does not contain items by those persons under their real name.
- A1.5. The joint pseudonym represents a joint collaboration by two or more persons each of who also use their real name and there are items in the catalog under the real names.
- A1.6. The pseudonym is used by several persons working independently of each other.
Each situation is discussed below.
A1.1. The person uses one pseudonym and never uses the real name (RDA 9.2.2.8 exception; RDA 9.2.3.4).
Make only one NAR. Use the pseudonym as the 100 (Heading—personal name) and add the un-used real name as a variant name in a 400 field (see reference) in the NAR. Do not use Appendix K terms in the 400 field.
Example 1.1: The person uses one pseudonym and never uses the real name - One NAR
Pseudonym: Julia Quinn
Real name: Julie Cotler Pottinger
Make only one NAR. Use the pseudonym as the 100 (Heading—personal name) and add the un-used real name as a variant name in a 400 field (see reference) in the NAR. Do not use Appendix K terms in the 400 field.
Example 1.1: The person uses one pseudonym and never uses the real name - One NAR
Pseudonym: Julia Quinn
Real name: Julie Cotler Pottinger
100
|
1#
|
$a Quinn, Julia, $d 1970-
|
400
|
1#
|
$a Pottinger, Julie Cotler, $d 1970-
|
The person uses only pseudonym; real name is a 400 see reference.
 |
| Example of Pseudonym - Screenshot from the Library of Congress Authorities |
A1.2. The person uses the real name and one pseudonym (RDA 9.2.2.8)
Two NARs are created with simple see-also references (500 field) linking the two names. LC/PCC catalogers may optionally use the relationship designators from Appendix K2.1 to link the names.
Example 1.2:
Person uses both the real name and one pseudonym - Two NARs; real name is added
as a simple 500 see-also reference.
Pseudonym: John Camp
Real name: John Sandford
100
|
1#
|
$a Sandford, John, $d 1944 Feb. 23-
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Camp, John, $d 1944-
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Sandford, John, $d 1944 Feb. 23-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w r $i Real identity: $a Camp, John, $d
1944-
|
Reciprocal NAR is made with simple 500 see-also.
100
|
1#
|
$a Camp, John, $d 1944-
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Sandford, John, $d 1944 Feb. 23-
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Camp, John, $d 1944-
|
500
|
1#
|
$wr
$i Alternate identity: $a Sandford, John, $d 1944 Feb. 23-
|
A1.3. The person uses more than one pseudonym and may or may not use the real name (RDA 9.2.2.8).
NARs are created for all the names including the unused real name if known. When more than two NARs are created one name is selected as the “basic” heading. The basic heading technique simplifies the cross reference structure and provides a name for use when the person is the subject of biographical or critical works. [See Q2 in this FAQ for instructions on how to choose the basic heading and what MARC 21 fields and subfields should be used] See Subject Headings Manual H430 for assigning subject access points.
Text in 663 field note of the basic heading. In the NAR chosen as the basic heading for the person provide a 663 note in subfield $a with the sample text provided below. The text may be adjusted to fit the situation:
For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b [established form of name] $b [established form of name]
Precede each name in the 663 note with a subfield $b.
Text in 663 note of related names. In each of the related authority records created for the person, provide a 663 note with the sample text provided below. The text may be adjusted to fit the situation:
Works by this author are identified by the name used in the item.
For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under: $b [established form of the name chosen as the basic heading]
Example 1.3: The person uses more than one pseudonym but may or may not use the real name – 3 or more NARs – Apply basic heading technique.
Choose a basic heading – use a 663 note with the sample text and list all the names to be linked. Precede each name with a subfield $b but do not add any subfields in the name portion. Add a 500 field for each name and use a subfield $w coded “nnnc” in each 500 field. Create NARs for each 500 and refer back only to the name on the basic heading NAR.
100
|
1#
|
$a Barbet , Pierre
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Avice, Claude, $d 1925-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Maine, David
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Sprigel, Oliver, $d 1925-
|
663
|
##
|
$a For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b Avice, Claude, 1925- $b Maine, David; $b Sprigel, Olivier, 1925-
|
In the NARs created for each name used by the author the text of the 663 note will direct the user only to the name on the basic heading NAR. The 500 seealso reference for the basic heading contains a subfield $w coded “nnnc”
100
|
1#
|
$a Avice, Claude, $d 1925-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Barbet, Pierre
|
663
|
##
|
$a
Works by this author are identified by the name used in the item. For a
listing of other names used by this author, search also under $b Barbet,
Pierre
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Maine, David
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Barbet, Pierre
|
663
|
##
|
$a Works by this author are identified by the name used in
the item. For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under
$b Barbet, Pierre
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Sprigel, Oliver, $d
1925-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Barbet, Pierre
|
663
|
##
|
$a Works by this author are
identified by the name used in the item. For a listing of other names used by
this author, search also under
$b Barbet, Pierre
|
A1.4. The pseudonym represents a joint collaboration by two or more persons and the catalog does not contain items by those persons under their real name. (RDA 9.2.2.6, Exception)
One NAR for the joint pseudonym is created. The un-used names associated with the pseudonym are provided in a 400 field (see reference) on the joint pseudonym NAR. Apply this also in the case where one or more persons write under their real name and the other or others do not.
Example 1.4: The pseudonym represents a joint collaboration by two or more persons and the catalog does not contain items by those persons under their real names – One NAR. If a mixture of used and unused real names apply a combination of examples 1.4 and 1.5 as needed.
100
|
1#
|
$a Rosslyn, Virginia
|
400
|
1#
|
$a Rivenbark, Isabelle A.
|
400
|
1#
|
$a Luna, Claire D.
|
670
|
##
|
$a Cat power, 2001: $b
t.p. (Virginia Rosslyn) back flap (Virginia Rosslyn is the pseudonym
of Isabelle A.
Rivenbark and Claire D. Luna)
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Agi, Tadashi, $d 1962-
|
400
|
1#
|
$a Kibayashi, Yuko
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Kubayashi, Shin, $d 1962-
|
663
|
##
|
$a
Joint pseudonym of Yuko and Shin Kibayashi.
For works of these authors entered under their own or other names
search also under: $b Kibayashi, Shin, 1962-
|
670
|
##
|
$a Kami no shizuku, 2005: $b t.p. (Agi
Tadashi)
|
A1.5. The pseudonym represents a joint collaboration by two or more persons each of whom also write under their real name and there are items in the catalog under the real names (RDA 9.2.2.8).
Create one NAR for the joint pseudonym. Use the joint pseudonym as the basic heading. Also, create one NAR each for the associated names. On the joint pseudonym NAR provide a 500 field (see-also reference) for each of the associated real names.
Text in 663 of the joint pseudonym. In the joint pseudonym NAR [See Bookmark Q2 for information on the basic heading technique] provide a 663 note field with the sample text below. The text may be adjusted to fit the situation:
Joint pseudonym of [names of other persons using the pseudonym given in direct order]. For works of these authors written under their own names, search also under: $b [established form of name] $b [established form of name]
Text in 663 note of the persons using joint pseudonym. In each of the NARs created for the persons using the joint pseudonym provide a 663 note with the sample text below. The text may be adjusted to fit the situation:
For work of this author written in collaboration with [name of the collaborator in direct order], search also under: $b [established form of the joint pseudonym]
Example 1.5: The pseudonym represents a joint collaboration by two or more persons each of whom write under their real name and there are items in catalog under the real names – Multiple NARs
Use the joint pseudonym as the basic heading NAR and make reciprocal NARs for the name of each of the persons using the joint pseudonym.
100
|
1#
|
$a Alexander, Hannah
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Hodde, Cheryl
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Hodde, Melvin
|
663
|
##
|
$a Joint pseudonym of Cheryl Hodde and Melvin Hodde. For works of these authors written under their own names, search also under: $b Hodde, Cheryl $b Hodde, Melvin
|
Note the sample text used for the basic heading NAR and the text on each of the reciprocal NARs.
100
|
1#
|
$a Hodde, Cheryl
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Alexander, Hannah
|
663
|
##
|
$a For works of this author written in collaboration with
Melvin Hodde, search also under: $b Alexander, Hannah
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Hodde, Melvin
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Alexander, Hannah
|
663
|
##
|
$a For works of this author written in collaboration with
Cheryl Hodde, search also under: $b Alexander, Hannah
|
A1.6. The pseudonym is used by several persons working independently of each other.
Create one NAR for the shared pseudonym and one NAR for each individual using the same pseudonym. The NARs for the names associated with the shared pseudonym are established regardless of whether the persons using the same pseudonym wrote, performed, sang, painted, etc. under that name. Treat the shared pseudonym NAR as the basic heading [See Q2 for information on basic heading technique].
Example 1.6: The pseudonym is used by several persons working independently of each other. Multiple NARs:
Use the shared pseudonym as the basic heading. List all users of the name in the 663 note. Create a reciprocal NAR for the name of each person using the shared pseudonym; these persons may or may not have works issued under that name.
100
|
1#
|
$a Meadows, Daisy
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Bentley, Sue, $d
1951-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Chapman, Linda
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Dhami, Narinder
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Mongredien, Sue
|
663
|
##
|
$a
Pseudonym used by multiple persons. For
works by these authors written under their own or other names, search also
under: $b Bentley, Sue $b Chapman, Linda $b Dhami, Narinder $b Mongredien,
Sue
|
NARs for each name are made with a 500 see-also reference with subfield $w coded nnnc and a 663 note pointing only to the basic heading NAR.
100
|
1#
|
$a Bentley, Sue, $d 1951-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Meadows, Daisy
|
663
|
##
|
$a
For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b
Meadows, Daisy
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Chapman, Linda
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Meadows, Daisy
|
663
|
##
|
$a
For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b
Meadows, Daisy
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Dhami, Narinder
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Meadows, Daisy
|
663
|
##
|
$a
For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b
Meadows, Daisy
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Mongredien, Sue
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Meadows, Daisy
|
663
|
##
|
$a
For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b
Meadows, Daisy
|
Text in 663 note of the shared pseudonym NAR. In the shared pseudonym NAR provide a 663 note field with the sample text provided below. The text may be adjusted to fit the situation:
Pseudonym used by multiple persons, for works of authors written under their own or other names, search also under: $b [established form of name] $b [established form of name] $b [established form of name]
Text in 663 note of NAR persons sharing pseudonym. In each of the NARs created for the persons using the shared pseudonym provide a 663 note with the sample text provided below. The text may be adjusted to fit the situation:
For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b [established form of the shared pseudonym]
A2. Choose as the basic heading the predominant (most commonly found) form of name. If it is not possible to determine a predominant form choose the real name as the basic heading.
In the NAR chosen as the basic heading include the following MARC 21 tags:
- Add a 500 field (see-also reference) for each of the associated names.
- Add to each 500 field a subfield $w coded “nnnc”.
- Add a 663 note field with text explaining the relationship in subfield $a. [See A1.3, A1.5, and A1.6 in this FAQ for sample text to use]
- In subfield $b of the 663 note list all the associated names in the established form as provided in the see-also references, precede each additional name with a subfield $b; do not include any other subfields; do not end the 663 field with a full stop.
In the NAR of each of the associated names include the following:
Q3. Is it required to make a NAR for every pseudonym associated with a person? Some persons purport to have ten or more pseudonyms but in my catalog we only have works under one or two of those names – are there limits set on the number of NARs required? (DCM Z1 667 Cataloger Note section)
A3. RDA does not set any limits on how many names should be created for persons using pseudonyms. In a shared environment it can be assumed that all users of the database would benefit from authority work performed by others. This is especially true of public libraries which may have items under each name. However, given the reality of dwindling resources for creating NARs, catalogers may exercise judgment and limit the number of NARs created for authors with a large number of pseudonyms to just those pseudonyms for which there are works in the catalog and then document the decision in a 667 note.
Once a decision is made to limit the number of NARs, add a 667 note listing all the names not established following the suggested text:
Pseudonyms not found on published works: [list of identities not established]
The 667 note will explain that not all pseudonyms have NARs created for them; however, any name listed may be established when needed and deleted from the 667.
Example in response to question 3: The person has a large number of pseudonyms – Multiple NARs
The person has a large number of pseudonyms; basic heading is identified and 663 note technique is used; 500 see-also references with subfield $w coded nnnc made for names found in catalog and a 667 note is used to show that others were not established. [Set of reciprocal NARS not given for this example]
- Add a 500 field see-also reference linking to the name chosen as the basic heading.
- Add a subfield $w coded “nnnc” to the 500 field.
- Add a 663 note field with text explaining the relationship to the basic heading in subfield $a.
- In the 663 note subfield $b give only the name in the 100 (name heading) of the basic heading NAR.
Q3. Is it required to make a NAR for every pseudonym associated with a person? Some persons purport to have ten or more pseudonyms but in my catalog we only have works under one or two of those names – are there limits set on the number of NARs required? (DCM Z1 667 Cataloger Note section)
A3. RDA does not set any limits on how many names should be created for persons using pseudonyms. In a shared environment it can be assumed that all users of the database would benefit from authority work performed by others. This is especially true of public libraries which may have items under each name. However, given the reality of dwindling resources for creating NARs, catalogers may exercise judgment and limit the number of NARs created for authors with a large number of pseudonyms to just those pseudonyms for which there are works in the catalog and then document the decision in a 667 note.
Once a decision is made to limit the number of NARs, add a 667 note listing all the names not established following the suggested text:
Pseudonyms not found on published works: [list of identities not established]
The 667 note will explain that not all pseudonyms have NARs created for them; however, any name listed may be established when needed and deleted from the 667.
Example in response to question 3: The person has a large number of pseudonyms – Multiple NARs
The person has a large number of pseudonyms; basic heading is identified and 663 note technique is used; 500 see-also references with subfield $w coded nnnc made for names found in catalog and a 667 note is used to show that others were not established. [Set of reciprocal NARS not given for this example]
100
|
1#
|
$a Mullen, Frederic
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Durand, Émil
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Lemieux, Anton
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Lessoné, Bertand
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Lind, Gustave
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Morel, Jean $c (Musician)
|
663
|
$a For works of this author written under other names, search also under: $b Durand, Émil $b Lemieux, Anton $b Lesonné, Bertand $b Lind, Gustave $b Morel, Jean, (Musician)
| |
667
|
##
|
$a Pseudonyms not found on published works: Léon
Adam, John Ashton, Eileen Ashton, Paul Beaupré …
|
Note that any name recorded in the 667 field may not be used in a 400 field as a see reference. Pseudonyms are considered to be the name of a different identity that a person wishes to assume for whatever reason (e.g., political, commercial, contractual) and is therefore not eligible to be used as a variant. If access to a different named identity is important, a separate NAR should be made. Do not consider that variant forms of a person’s name are pseudonyms unless there is explicit evidence.
Q4. Should the 663 note technique also be used in a corporate name NAR when providing 500 see-also references for the members of a group? (RDA Chapter 30)
A4. No, the 663 note technique is only used to link personal names (100 field) to personal names (500 field). When linking the personal name of a musician to a musical group the linking 500 fields are constructed as simple see-also references. The same is true for the personal names of members of any group, heads of state, etc. RDA catalogers may choose to use Appendix K relationship designations to relate corporate names with personal names but a 663 note is not used. See Example 4
Examples in response to question 4: 663 note technique not used to link corporate name (110 Heading-Corporate name) with see-also references linking to the personal name(s) (500 field).
Corporate name with 500 field (simple see-also references) linking to all the associated personal name NARs.
110
|
2#
|
$a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Crosby, David, $d 1941-
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Stills, Stephen
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Nash, Graham
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Young, Neil, $d 1945-
|
NARs for each personal name (100 Heading-Name) with a 510 field (simple seealso reference) linking to the corporate name on each NAR.
100
|
1#
|
$a Crosby, David, $d 1941-
|
510
|
2#
|
$a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
110
|
1#
|
$a Stills, Stephen
|
510
|
2#
|
$a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
110
|
1#
|
$a Nash, Graham
|
510
|
2#
|
$a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
110
|
1#
|
$a Young, Neil, $d 1945-
|
510
|
2#
|
$a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
Example 4.1:
RDA catalogers may choose to add Appendix K relationship designators to relate a group member to the corporate name
110
|
2#
|
$a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
500
|
1#
|
$w r $i Member: $a Crosby, David, $d 1941-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w r $i Member: $a Stills, Stephen
|
500
|
1#
|
$w r $i Member: $a Nash, Graham
|
500
|
1#
|
$w r $i Member: $a Young, Neil, $d 1945-
|
RDA Appendix K used to relate each personal name to the corporate entity [only one example shown here]
100
|
1#
|
$a Crosby, David, $d 1941-
|
510
|
2#
|
$w r $i Corporate body: $a Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
|
Q5. Can the 663 note be used without coding the 500 field with subfield $w nnnc? (MARC 21 Format for Authority Records, 663 field)
A5. No, the 663 note must have a corresponding 500 field (see-also reference) with a subfield $w coded nnnc. The subfield $w should only be used in the see-also reference (500 field) of a NAR that contains a 663 note.
Q6. What about creating NARs for non-contemporary persons? Where is the guidance?
A6. Under RDA there is no contemporary vs. non-contemporary limitation on creation of separate NARs for each name a person uses. See Bookmark Example 6
Examples in response to question 6: Non-contemporary author uses more than one name for separate bibliographic identities – Separate NARs
100
|
1#
|
$a Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge, $d 1832-1898
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898
|
100
|
1#
|
$a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898
|
500
|
1#
|
$a Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge, $d 1832-1898
|
Q7. What about variants of the real name used concurrently by authors?
A7. If an author uses variants of their real name concurrently (as opposed to abandoning one real name in favor of another) and this usage can be ascribed to the fact that works written under one name are in different subject areas from works written under other name(s), treat the case in the same way as pseudonyms and follow the response in A1 in this FAQ for the details of using multiple headings. Note: apply this interpretation only in retrospect, after information received from publications, etc., has begun to provide the necessary evidence and this evidence is clear or in cases where the author has declared that intent. See Bookmark Example 7
Examples in response to question 7: Variations of a real name used concurrently – Multiple NARs
-----------------------------------------
100 1# $a Lasky, Kathryn
500 1# $w nnnc $a Knight, Kathryn Lasky
500 1# $w nnnc $a Swann, E. L.
663 ## $a For works by this author written under other names, search also under: $b Knight, Kathryn Lasky $b Swann, E. L.
670 ## A baby for Max, 1984: ‡b CIP t.p. (Kathyrn Lasky) author info. (Kathryn Lasky Knight; uses pen name E. L. Swann) 670 ## Tel. call to the author, July 17, 1986 ‡b (author will continue to write children's works under "Kathryn Lasky" and adult works under "Kathryn Lasky Knight" and wants LC to use separate headings for each type of work)
-----------------------------------------
100 1# $a Knight, Kathryn Lasky
500 1# $w nnnc $a Lasky, Kathryn
663 ## $a Works by this author are identified by the name used in the item. For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under: $b Laskey, Kathryn
670 ## Atlantic circle, 1986: ‡b t.p. (Kathyrn Lasky Knight) 670 ## Tel. call to the author, July 17, 1986 ‡b (author will continue to write children's works under "Kathryn Lasky" and adult works under "Kathryn Lasky Knight" and wants LC to use separate headings for each type of work)
-----------------------------------------
100 1# $a Swann, E. L.
500 1# $w nnnc $a Lasky, Kathryn
663 ## $a Works by this author are identified by the name used in the item. For a listing of other names used by this author, search also under: $b Laskey, Kathryn
670 ## Night gardening, 1999: ‡b CIP t.p. (E.L. Swann) pub. info. (pseudonym for Kathryn Lasky/Kathryn Lasky Knight; will use this pseud. when writing major commercial fiction for adults)
Q8. How do I handle a situation when a pseudonym conflicts with another name? Do I create an undifferentiated NAR, or add the name to an undifferentiated NAR if it already exists?
A8. Although RDA recognizes the existence of undifferentiated personal name authority records (RDA 8.11), the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) has implemented a policy that prohibits the establishment of new undifferentiated personal name authority records coded RDA, and prohibits the addition of new identities to existing undifferentiated personal name authority records. When a pseudonym conflicts with another name, one of the additions in RDA 9.19.1.2 – 9.19.1.8 should be applied to the pseudonym in order to create a unique authorized access point.
Examples in response to question 8: Pseudonym in conflict with existing undifferentiated name – new pseudonym Anthea Lawson conflicts with an existing undifferentiated heading representing other identities named Anthea Lawson: New NAR created for the pseudonym with the application of RDA 9.19.1.5, Period of Activity of the Person, to break the conflict:
100
|
1#
|
$a Lawson, Anthea, $d active 2009
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Lawrence, Anthea, $d 1967-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Dumbeck, Lawson
|
663
|
##
|
$a Joint pseudonym of Anthea Lawrence and Lawson Dumbeck. For works of these authors written under their own names, search also under: $b Lawrence, Anthea, 1967- $b Dumbeck, Lawson
|
670
|
##
|
All he desires, c2009: $b t.p. (Anthea Lawson)
|
670
|
##
|
Romance wiki, viewed Oct. 26, 2010: $b (Anthea Lawson is the joint pseudonym of Anthea Lawrence and Lawson Dumbeck)
|
Example 8.1: NAR for Lawrence, Anthea, 1967-with 500 see-also reference to the pseudonym in the new NAR.
100
|
1#
|
$a Lawrence, Anthea, $d 1967-
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Lawson, Anthea, $d active 2009
|
663
|
##
|
$a For works of this author written in collaboration with Lawson Dumbeck, search also under: ‡b Lawson, Anthea, active 2009
|
670
|
##
|
Passionate, 2008 ‡b t.p. (Anthea Lawson)
|
670
|
##
|
Anthealawson.com website, Nov. 17, 2010: ‡b (Anthea Lawson; are a husband and wife creative team living in the Pacific Northwest. Their first novel, Passionate, was released from Kensington books in October 2008; Musicians as well as writers, the two have recorded many CDs, including several with their Celtic band Fiddlehead)
|
Example 8.2: NAR for Dumbeck, Lawson with 500 see-also reference to the pseudonym in the new NAR.
100
|
1#
|
$a Dumbeck, Lawson
|
500
|
1#
|
$w nnnc $a Lawson, Anthea, $d active 2009
|
663
|
##
|
$a For works of this author written in
collaboration with
Anthea
Lawrence, search also under: ‡b Lawson, Anthea, active 2009
|
670
|
##
|
Passionate, 2008 ‡b t.p. (Anthea Lawson)
|
670
|
##
|
Anthealawson.com
website, Nov. 17, 2010: ‡b (Anthea Lawson; are a husband and wife creative
team living in the Pacific Northwest. Their first novel, Passionate, was released
from Kensington books in October 2008; Musicians as well as writers, the two
have recorded many CDs, including several with their Celtic band Fiddlehead)
|
670
|
##
|
CD Baby website, accessed via Google, Nov.
17, 2010,
"Fiddlehead"
‡b (Fiddlehead, hailed as one of the finest Celtic groups in the Northwest
... features Anthea Lawrence on fiddle and vocals, Audra Poor on Uillean
pipes, flute, and whistle, and Lawson Dumbeck on guitar, banjo, bouzouki, and
bodhran)
|
Q9. How do I handle LC classification numbers: Do I add the same LCC (053) on each NAR of a pseudonym? What if the pseudonym is used on non-literary works?
A9. Consult LC’s Classification and Shelflisting Manual, Section F632 for guidance. A quick response to this question is that Paragraph 1.d in Section F632 states: “… Class works by or about an author who writes under several pseudonyms in the single number that has been established for that author, regardless of the name under which the work being cataloged has been entered.” Paragraph 6 Adding literary author numbers to name authority records provides the following guidance: “… For authors who write literary works under more than one name and who have authority records for each name, a 053 field is added to each record. …”
If an author uses a pseudonym for non-literary works LCC (053) numbers are not added to the NAR for that pseudonym.
SEE ALSO
REFERENCES
1. RDA Toolkit. http://access.rdatoolkit.org/ (accessed July 30, 2020).
2. IFLA, "IFLA Library Reference Model (LRM)," https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/11412 (accessed July 30, 2020).
3. Daniel N. Joudrey, Arlene G. Taylor, David P. Miller, "Introduction to Cataloging and Classification," (Santa Barbara, California : Libraries Unlimited, 2015).
4. ODLIS - Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science, http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_A.aspx (accessed July 30, 2020).
5. Salman Haider, "Resource Description and Access," In Encyclopædia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/Cataloging#toc336276 (accessed August 4, 2020).
6. Lois Mai Chan and Athena Salaba, Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. 4th ed. (Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
2. IFLA, "IFLA Library Reference Model (LRM)," https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/11412 (accessed July 30, 2020).
3. Daniel N. Joudrey, Arlene G. Taylor, David P. Miller, "Introduction to Cataloging and Classification," (Santa Barbara, California : Libraries Unlimited, 2015).
4. ODLIS - Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science, http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_A.aspx (accessed July 30, 2020).
5. Salman Haider, "Resource Description and Access," In Encyclopædia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/Cataloging#toc336276 (accessed August 4, 2020).
6. Lois Mai Chan and Athena Salaba, Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. 4th ed. (Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
7. Library of Congress, "FAQ – LC/PCC practice for creating NARs for persons who use pseudonyms," https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/pseud.pdf (accessed August 4, 2020).
